大豆虫害发生及防治(本科)汇总.ppt
大豆虫害发生及其防治,王少山 石河子大学农学院,E-mail wang_,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,2,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,3,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,4,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,5,大豆Soybean,为豆科大豆属一年生草本植物,原产我国。今已有5000年的种植史。世界各国栽培的大豆都是直接或间接由我国传播出去的。 根据大豆的种皮颜色和粒形分为五类黄大豆、青大豆、黑大豆、其他大豆(种皮为褐色、棕色、赤色等单一颜色的大豆)、饲料豆(一般籽粒较小,呈扁长椭圆形,两片子叶上有凹陷圆点,种皮略有光泽或无光泽)。 由于它的营养价值很高,被称为“豆中之王”、“田中之肉”、“绿色的牛乳”等,是数百种天然食物中最受营养学家推崇的食用,第一节 概 述,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,6,第一节 概 述,一、大豆的经济意义 大豆籽粒营养丰富具有重要的食用和药用价值 大豆的籽粒、植株及榨油后的豆饼都是优质饲料 大豆是养地作物 工业原料生产大豆高级烹调油、大豆浓缩磷脂、大豆磷脂软胶囊、人造奶油、脂肪酸产品,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,7,左边数据参考自中国疾病预防控制中心营养与食品安全所所著的中国食物成分表2002,大豆营养成分,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,8,蛋白质的力量,在所有的豆类中,大豆非常特殊, 被称为“蛋白质发电站”。 大豆是唯一能提取出“完全蛋白质”的植物来源。所谓“完全蛋白质”,是指该蛋白质提供人体必需的氨基酸种类齐全,含量充足,相互比例适当,能够维持生命和促进生长发育,数据来自美国农业部(USDA)的食品成分表,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,9,蛋白质的生理功能,蛋白质(protein)是生命的物质基础,没有蛋白质就没有生命。机体中的每一个细胞和所有重要组成部分都有蛋白质参与。 蛋白质占人体重量的16.3,即一个60kg重的成年人其体内约有蛋白质9.8kg。人体内蛋白质的种类很多,性质、功能各异,但都是由20多种氨基酸按不同比例组合而成的,并在体内不断进行代谢与更新,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,10,蛋白质的生理功能,被食入的蛋白质在体内经过消化分解成氨基酸,吸收后在体内主要用于重新按一定比例组合成人体蛋白质。 因此,食物蛋白质的质和量、各种氨基酸的比例,关系到人体蛋白质合成的量,尤其是青少年的生长发育、孕产妇的优生优育、老年人的健康长寿,都与膳食中蛋白质的量有着密切的关系,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,11,大豆的保健功能和药用,1. 增强机体免疫功能大豆含有丰富的蛋白质,含有多种人体必需的氨基酸,可以提高人体免疫力; 2. 防止血管硬化大豆中的卵磷脂可除掉附在血管壁上的胆固醇,防止血管硬化,预防心血管疾病,保护心脏。大豆中的卵磷脂还具有防止肝脏内积存过多脂肪的作用,从而有效地防治因肥胖而引起的脂肪肝; 3. 通导大便大豆中含有的可溶性纤维,既可通便,又能降低胆固醇含量; 4. 降糖、降脂大豆中含有一种抑制胰酶的物质,对糖尿病有治疗作用。大豆所含的皂甙有明显的降血脂作用,同时,可抑制体重增加; 5. 大豆异黄酮是一种结构与雌激素相似,具有雌激素活性的植物性雌激素,能够减轻女性更年期综合征症状、延迟女性细胞衰老、使皮肤保持弹性、养颜、减少骨丢失,促进骨生成、降血脂等,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,12,大豆的研究开发,传统大豆产品,如豆腐等 如精制豆油 大豆蛋白 豆粉 大豆饮料 大豆药品等(生物活性成分,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,13,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,14,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,15,3. 产品信息 产品款号351433 产品名称男装大豆恤衫 材料描述 棉 46再生植物蛋白纤维 46氨纶 8技术说明 采用大豆纤维面料,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,16,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,17,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,18,二、大豆的生产概况与趋势,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,19,大豆在粮食作物中所占比重,播种面积,总产量,其他谷类,10,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,20,世界大豆,2006,美国45828.31万亩, 其次巴西、阿根廷、巴拉圭、中国,50 17.5 11.6 11.4,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,21,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,22,This bubble map shows the global distribution of soyabean output in 2005 as a percentage of the top producer USA - 83,368,000 tonnes,油世界预计全球大豆产量将达到2.558亿吨,比美国农业部的预测高出450万吨。美国农业部上周发布的最新供需报告预计今年美国大豆产量将低于2009年的9130万吨,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,23,中国大豆,我国大豆生产主产区在东北的松辽平原,其次为黄淮海流域的黄淮平原。 产量最多的省份分别为黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、河北、山东、河南、 江苏、安徽等8个省。 东北松辽平原(占40左右)、黄淮平原(占38左右)、长江流域及南方约占17 。 我国大豆的单产水平不高,其原因品种的产量潜力低,生产条件和栽培措施较差,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,24,中国大豆,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,25,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,26,新疆大豆,2004年全疆大豆面积达到120余万亩,平均196.6 kg/667 m2,总产23.5104t,自给率在47左右,按年需求量55104t计,新疆大豆年种植面积应达到 260300万亩,如果考虑到毗邻省和周边国家对大豆加工品的需求,新疆大豆年种植面积应再扩大。 在两河流域至石河子、昌吉一带,以及南疆的焉耆盆地、阿克苏地区,可种植500万亩优质高产大豆。 吉林省是我国优质大豆的主要产区,近两年维持在66.7万hm2;平均产量2428.5kg/hm2,居全国春大豆产区第2位,略低于有灌溉条件新疆产区2700kghm2 。即180kg/亩,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,27,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,28,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,29,第二节 大豆主要害虫,中国有240余种,多数属于昆虫纲的9个目,极少数属于蜘形纲的1个目,共约49个科。 常发生为害的有70余种,其中为害较严重的40余种。 苗期害虫有10余种,生长期害虫有20余种,后期为害荚粒的害虫约5种,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,30,第二节 大豆主要害虫,幼苗期害虫主要有 豆根蛇潜蝇咬食根部皮层。 种蝇为害发芽的种子。 东北大黑鳃金龟、小地老虎、黄地虎、大地老虎咬食幼苗的根、茎或子叶,造成缺苗。 为害大豆幼苗较严重的还有黑绒金龟甲、蒙古灰象甲、二条叶甲和网目砂潜,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,31,第二节 大豆主要害虫,大豆生长发育期主要害虫有 大豆蚜、棉红蜘蛛、烟蓟马,刺吸为害大豆叶片,在干旱年份发生十分严重。其中又以大豆蚜发生普遍而严重。 咬食叶片的以鳞翅目害虫最多,主要的有豆天蛾、斜纹夜蛾、银纹夜蛾、苜蓿夜蛾、苜蓿绿夜蛾、大豆夜蛾、黎豆夜蛾、草地螟 、大豆毒蛾、红腹灯蛾、豆卷叶螟 等。还有豆突眼长椿、豆芜菁、墨西哥豆瓢虫、蚕豆微叶蝉。 为害茎秆的筛豆龟椿,钻食茎秆的豆秆黑潜蝇等,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,32,第二节 大豆主要害虫,后期为害荚粒的主要害虫有 大豆食心虫和豆荚螟、棉铃虫、褐臭椿, 还有局部地区发生的大豆荚瘿蚊为害豆荚,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,33,第二节 大豆主要害虫,北方春大豆区 苗期害虫主要是黑绒金龟甲、蒙古灰象甲、豆根蛇潜蝇。其次为网目砂潜、东北大黑鳃龟。 东北春大豆生长期以大豆蚜、草地螟为害严重。 结荚期以大豆食心虫为害严重,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,34,第二节 大豆主要害虫,黄淮夏大豆区 苗期害虫主要有地老虎、二条叶甲等。 生长发育期的害虫较多,有大豆蚜、灯蛾类、毒蛾类、豆天蛾、斜纹夜蛾、银纹夜蛾、豆芫菁为害叶片;筛豆龟椿为害豆秆,而以豆秆黑潜蝇为害普遍而严重。 结荚期主要是豆荚螟为害严重,部分地区大豆食心虫、大豆荚瘿蚊为害较严重,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,35,第二节 大豆主要害虫,南方大豆区 害虫种类多,主要害虫有豆荚螟、斜纹夜蛾、豆卷叶螟、花生须梢麦蛾等,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,36,第二节 大豆主要害虫,美国大豆主要害虫 soybean aphid, 大豆蚜虫 green cloverworm, 绿苜蓿夜蛾 Japanese beetle, 日本甲虫 potato leafhopper, 马铃薯叶蝉(蚕豆微叶蝉 ) Mexican bean beetle,墨西哥豆瓢虫 bean leaf beetle,蚕豆叶甲 grasshopper.蚱蜢;蝗虫 seed-corn maggot ,玉米种蝇 two-spotted spider mite ,二斑叶螨 Slugs ,蜗牛,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,37,一、大豆蚜虫 二、大豆红蜘蛛 三、大豆食心虫 四、豆天蛾 五、大豆根潜蝇 六、二条叶甲 七、蛴螬 八、大豆造桥虫,第二节 大豆主要害虫,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,38,一、大豆蚜虫,Scientific name Aphis glycines Matsumura Hemiptera Aphididae Common Name Soybean aphid, Soya Bean Aphid The soybean aphid is an insect pest of soybean Glycine max L. Merr. that is exotic to North America. The soybean aphid is native to Asia. It has been described as a common pest of soybeans in China and as an occasional pest of soybeans in Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. The soybean aphid was first documented in North America in Wisconsin in July 2000. Ragsdale et al. 2004 noted that the soybean aphid probably arrived in North America earlier than 2000, but remained undetected for a period of time. Venette and Ragsdale 2004 suggested that Japan probably served as the point of origin for the soybean aphids North American invasion. By 2003, the soybean aphid had been documented in Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Together, these states accounted for 89 of the 63.6 million acres 2.58 107 ha of soybean planted in the United States in 2007,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,39,一、大豆蚜虫,Soybean stem with soybean aphids,Aphids massing on soybean stem,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,40,Wingless adult female and nymph,Winged adult female,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,41,一、大豆蚜虫,Aphids massing on soybean stem,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,42,一、大豆蚜虫,close-up,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,43,1为害 部位大豆蚜虫以刺吸式口器吸食汁液,可危害大豆的嫩茎、叶和幼荚。 症状豆叶被害处叶绿素消失,形成鲜黄色的不规则形的黄斑,而后黄斑逐渐扩大,并变为褐色。受害严重的植株,茎叶卷缩、发黄、植株矮小,分枝和结荚减少,从而影响大豆产量,一、大豆蚜虫,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,44,A. glycines is capable of causing significant reduction in growth and seed production in soybeans. A study by Wang et al. 1996 in China found that seed yields were reduced by 27.8 and plant height decreased by 20.2 cm in infested plants as compared with the control. The soybean aphid is a known vector of a number of plant virus diseases, including abaca mosaic, soyabean mosaic, soyabean stunt, beet mosaic, millet red leaf, mungbean mosaic, bean yellow mosaic and Indonesian soybean dwarf. A. glycines has been found to transmit peanut mottle virus in ground nuts in Indonesia. In Australia experience with soybean aphid is very new. Known infestations in crops observed are distributed sporadically through a paddock and in quite small areas 1m2. Thus they can be difficult to detect. Plant damage is in the of leaf distortion where very dense aphid populations occur and severe vigour loss,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,45,一、大豆蚜虫,Aphid-beetle-virus-soybean interactions,This USDA-NRI funded project above-ground soybean aphid and below-ground herbivores Bean leaf beetle, can affect each others perance pathogens Alfalfa mosaic virus and Bean-pod mottle virus snap-beans, which have not historically had virus problems,食荚菜豆一种线状豆类,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,46,2形态特征大豆蚜虫分有翅胎生雌蚜体长0.91.6毫米和无翅胎生雌蚜体长1.521.95毫米。有翅蚜能迁飞,使危害范围扩大,一、大豆蚜虫,The soybean aphid is a small, pale yellow aphid with black cornicles tailpipes and a pale yellow tail,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,47,Identification,The soybean aphid is a small aphid, pale yellow in life, with black siphunculi and pale cauda . No other aphid living on soybeans has the same combination of size and colour. Other species of aphids on legumes that might be confused with it are Aphis gossypii the cotton aphid which has a shorter, dark cauda and Aphis craccivora the cowpea aphid which has a black patch on the back of the wingless adults,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,48,Cowpea aphid, groundnut aphidis a relatively small black aphid with the size rarely longer than 2 mm. The adult is usually shiny black, winged or wingless, while the nymph is slate gray. The legs and antennae are usually whitish with blackish tips. The cornicles are usually black. It resembles black bean aphid, A. fabae which occurs in Europe, West and eastern Asia, but the latter with darker nymphs. Found on many different host plants, including legumes and cucumbers. It feeds on the young shoots, leaves, inflorescences and fruits. It is also a vector of several viruses broad bean mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, groundnut rosette virus, etc. Cowpea aphid lives throughout the year. Female is generally parthenogenesis and producing living nymph, rather than eggs viviparous. Distribution Cosmopolitan, particularly well distributed through the tropical Asia including Thailand,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,49,3生活史及习性 危害盛期在月底、月初。一般月中下旬开始在大豆田出现。 发生条件持续高温,干旱少雨,容易使蚜虫大量发生,越干旱危害越重。 天敌及其作用大豆蚜虫的天敌较多,有草蛉、捕食性瓢虫、寄生蜂和食蚜蝇等,在天敌数量多时,可抑制蚜虫数量的增长,一、大豆蚜虫,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,50,life history,This insect has 2 primary hosts that it requires to complete its life cycle . The soybean aphid survives overwinter as eggs on the twigs of buckthorn species . In the spring, nymphs hatch from these eggs and the aphids undergo two generations as wingless females on buckthorn before the third generation develops winged adults for migration to soybean plants,完成生活史需要在两种寄主上,以卵在鼠李科植物枝条上越冬,开春后在越冬植物上完成两代后迁飞到大豆上,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,51,life history,The aphids then continue to produce wingless generations until the soybean plants become crowded with aphids. Once crowded, winged s are produced to disperse to less crowded soybean plants. There can be as many as 18 generations of aphids per year. Like most aphids, the soybean aphids are all female, born pregnant and give birth to live nymphs. Males are only born in the fall so that the females and males can mate to produce the overwintering egg,一直在大豆上繁殖直到密度过大才迁飞,这样每年大概能繁殖18代,跟其他多数蚜虫一样,直到秋季才产生雄蚜,然后交配产生越冬卵,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,52,To date, no overwintering populations of soybean aphids have been found in Ontario. Factors including short season varieties and fall and spring predation by ladybird beetles on buckthorn may contribute to this,迄今,在安大略湖没有发现越冬种群,可能是短季节的变化和春秋瓢虫捕食的原因,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,53,Studies indicate that soybean aphids are quite capable of dealing with Ontario winter temperatures and are known to overwinter in Michigan and other Northern states. Massive migration of winged adults from these states can bring populations into Ontario as early as the first week of June,研究表明大豆蚜虫完全能够适应安大略湖冬天的气温,在密歇根州及其它北方州越冬。 大量从北方其他州迁移来的蚜虫最早在六月初就能在安大略湖建立种群,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,54,一、大豆蚜虫,Soybean aphid eggs next to buckthorn buds,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,55,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,56,4防治方法 关键是早期发现早期防治。 防治原则合理施药,保护天敌,尽量保持田间优势天敌种群。 早期防治播种期、点片、第二和第三次迁飞前,防止扩散蔓延为害。大豆田出现点片危害时,可用70艾美乐吡虫啉1520g/hm2;50辟呀雾150225g/hm2,等喷雾,一、大豆蚜虫,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,57,天敌,multicolored Asian lady beetle,Experts say Asian lady beetles may appear in large numbers in some years. But they say the insects are too helpful to consider pests,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,58,天敌,Parasitoid wasp attacking a soybean aphid,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,59,天敌,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,60,天敌,Syrphid or hoover fly larva,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,61,天敌,Minute pirate bug adult feeding on a thripL and aphid R,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,62,The use of insecticides to control populations of soybean aphids in soybean is the most effective management tactic in North America. Insecticides available to soybean producers for controlling soybean aphids include both foliar-applied treatments and seed-applied treatments. Although seed-applied treatments have proven to be a convenient delivery for insect control, studies have experienced inconsistent results regarding their efficacy against the soybean aphid. Management decisions should be made with an understanding of soybean aphid life history and sound scouting practices rooted in the principles of integrated pest management,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,63,The current economic threshold for soybean aphids states that an insecticide application is warranted when soybean aphid densities reach 250 soybean aphids per plant, 80 of sampled plants are infested, the population is currently increasing, and few natural enemies are observed in the field. Soybean producers can choose from a variety of foliar insecticides from the carbamate, pyrethroid, and organophosphate chemical families to control soybean aphids,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,64,Evidence indicates that foliar insecticide applications can reduce symptoms associated with soybean aphid infestations, including curled leaves, shortened stems, stunted plants, and premature defoliation. Foliar insecticide applications can also prevent yield loss associated with high densities of soybean aphids. However, some risks are associated with the use of foliar insecticide applications, especially if integrated pest management principles are abandoned. A single, well-timed application may not sufficiently control soybean aphids and prevent yield loss, especially if large quantities of soybean aphids are surviving on lower leaves. Foliar insecticide applications can work detrimentally if are experienced, such as the unintended death of beneficial natural enemies,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,65,二、大豆红蜘蛛,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,66,二、大豆红蜘蛛,Tetranychus urticae an animal with over 60 common names, including red spider mite and twospotted spider mite is one of many species of plant-feeding mites found in dry environments, and generally considered a pest. It is the most widely known member of the family Tetranychidae or spider mites. T. urticae is extremely small, barely visible with the naked eye as reddish or greenish spots on leaves and stems; the adults measure about 0.5mm,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,67,二、大豆红蜘蛛,The red spider mite, which can be seen in greenhouses and tropical and temperate zones spinning a fine web on and under leaves. The red spider mite is extremely polyphagous; it can feed on hundreds of plants, including most vegetables and food crops including peppers, tomatoes, potatoes, beans, corn, strawberries and ornamentals roses, etc,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,68,二、大豆红蜘蛛,During the summer, T. urticae has a greenish brown appearance with two darker spots, but as winter approaches it gains a strong red color. Some populations are permanently greenish or reddish, and these are considered different species of Tetranychus by some authorities. Its natural predator, Phytoseiulus persimilis, commonly used as a biological control , is one of many predaceous mites which prey exclusively or mainly on spider mites,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,69,二、大豆红蜘蛛,Two-spotted spider mite,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,70,二、大豆红蜘蛛,2021年2月23日3时6分,wangshaoshan,71,Two-spotted spider mite webbing on strawberries